Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression.

BACKGROUND: Health services often manage agitated or violent people, and such behaviour is particularly prevalent in emergency psychiatric services (10%). The drugs used in such situations should ensure that the person becomes calm swiftly and safely. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether haloperidol plus promethazine is an effective treatment for psychosis-induced aggression. SEARCH METHODS: On 6 May 2015 we searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register of Trials, which is compiled by systematic searches of major resources (including MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, BIOSIS, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, and registries of clinical trials) and their monthly updates, handsearches, grey literature, and conference proceedings. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised clinical trials with useable data focusing on haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We independently extracted data. For binary outcomes, we calculated risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), on an intention-to-treat basis. For continuous data, we estimated the mean difference (MD) between groups and its 95% CI. We employed a fixed-effect model for analyses. We assessed risk of bias for included studies and created 'Summary of findings' tables using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS: We found two new randomised controlled trials (RCTs) from the 2015 update searching. The review now includes six studies, randomising 1367 participants and presenting data relevant to six comparisons.When haloperidol plus promethazine was compared with haloperidol alone for psychosis-induced aggression for the outcome not tranquil or asleep at 30 minutes, the combination treatment was clearly more effective (n=316, 1 RCT, RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.87, high-quality evidence). There were 10 occurrences of acute dystonia in the haloperidol alone arm and none in the combination group. The trial was stopped early as haloperidol alone was considered to be too toxic.When haloperidol plus promethazine was compared with olanzapine, high-quality data showed both approaches to be tranquillising. It was suggested that the combination of haloperidol plus promethazine was more effective, but the difference between the two approaches did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance (n=300, 1 RCT, RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.61, high-quality evidence). Lower-quality data suggested that the risk of unwanted excessive sedation was less with the combination approach (n=116, 2 RCTs, RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.12 to 3.84).When haloperidol plus promethazine was compared with ziprasidone all data were of lesser quality. We identified no binary data for the outcome tranquil or asleep. The average sedation score (Ramsay Sedation Scale) was lower for the combination approach but not to conventional levels of statistical significance (n=60, 1 RCT, MD -0.1, 95% CI - 0.58 to 0.38). These data were of low quality and it is unclear what they mean in clinical terms. The haloperidol plus promethazine combination appeared to cause less excessive sedation but again the difference did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance (n=111, 2 RCTs, RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.43).We found few data for the comparison of haloperidol plus promethazine versus haloperidol plus midazolam. Average Ramsay Sedation Scale scores suggest the combination of haloperidol plus midazolam to be the most sedating (n=60, 1 RCT, MD - 0.6, 95% CI -1.13 to -0.07, low-quality evidence). The risk of excessive sedation was considerably less with haloperidol plus promethazine (n=117, 2 RCTs, RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.49, low-quality evidence). Haloperidol plus promethazine seemed to decrease the risk of needing restraints by around 12 hours (n=60, 1 RCT, RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.55, low-quality evidence). It may be that use of midazolam with haloperidol sedates swiftly, but this effect does not last long.When haloperidol plus promethazine was compared with lorazepam, haloperidol plus promethazine seemed to more effectively cause sedation or tranquillisation by 30 minutes (n=200, 1 RCT, RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.68, high-quality evidence). The secondary outcome of needing restraints or seclusion by 12 hours was not clearly different between groups, with about 10% in each group needing this intrusive intervention (moderate-quality evidence). Sedation data were not reported, however, the combination group did have less 'any serious adverse event' in 24-hour follow-up, but there were not clear differences between the groups and we are unsure exactly what the adverse effect was. There were no deaths.When haloperidol plus promethazine was compared with midazolam, there was clear evidence that midazolam is more swiftly tranquillising of an aggressive situation than haloperidol plus promethazine (n=301, 1 RCT, RR 2.90, 95% CI 1.75 to 4.8, high-quality evidence). On its own, midazolam seems to be swift and effective in tranquillising people who are aggressive due to psychosis. There was no difference in risk of serious adverse event overall (n=301, 1 RCT, RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.06 to 15.95, high-quality evidence). However, 1 in 150 participants allocated haloperidol plus promethazine had a swiftly reversed seizure, and 1 in 151 given midazolam had swiftly reversed respiratory arrest. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Haloperidol plus promethazine is effective and safe, and its use is based on good evidence. Benzodiazepines work, with midazolam being particularly swift, but both midazolam and lorazepam cause respiratory depression. Olanzapine intramuscular and ziprasidone intramuscular do seem to be viable options and their action is swift, but resumption of aggression with subsequent need to re-inject was more likely than with haloperidol plus promethazine. Haloperidol used on its own without something to offset its frequent and serious adverse effects does seem difficult to justify.

Liquid vs Solid Culture Medium to Evaluate Proportion and Time to Change in Management of Suspects of Tuberculosis-A Pragmatic Randomized Trial in Secondary and Tertiary Health Care Units in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The use of liquid medium (MGIT960) for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis was recommended by WHO in 2007. However, there has been no evaluation of its effectiveness on clinically important outcomes. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A pragmatic trial was carried out in a tertiary hospital and a secondary health care unit in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. Participants were 16 years or older, suspected of having TB. They were excluded if only cerebral spinal fluid or blood specimens were available for analysis. MGIT960 technique was compared with the Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) method for laboratory diagnosis of active TB. Primary outcome was the proportion of patients who had their initial medical management changed within 2 months after randomisation. Secondary outcomes were: mean time for changing the procedure, patient satisfaction with the overall treatment and adverse events. Data were analysed by intention-to-treat. Between April 2008 and September 2011, 693 patients were enrolled (348 to MGIT, 345 to LJ). Smear and culture results were positive for 10% and 15.7% of participants, respectively. Patients in the MGIT arm had their initial medical management changed more frequently than those in the LJ group (10.1% MGIT vs 3.8% LJ, RR 2.67 95% CI 1.44-.96, p = 0.002, NNT 16, 95% CI 10-39). Mean time for changing the initial procedure was greater in LJ group at both sites: 20.0 and 29.6 days in MGIT group and 52.2 and 64.3 in LJ group (MD 33.5, 95% CI 30.6-36.4, p = 0.0001). No other important differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that opting for the MGIT960 system for TB diagnosis provides a promising case management model for improving the quality of care and control of TB. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN79888843.

Use of amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test in respiratory samples from HIV-infected patients in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of the amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct (AMTD) test with reference methods for the laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: This was a study of diagnostic accuracy comparing AMTD test results with those obtained by culture on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium and by the BACTEC Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube 960 (BACTEC MGIT 960) system in respiratory samples analyzed at the Bioassay and Bacteriology Laboratory of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. RESULTS: We analyzed respiratory samples collected from 118 patients, of whom 88 (74.4%) were male. The mean age was 36.6 ± 10.6 years. Using the AMTD test, the BACTEC MGIT 960 system, and LJ culture, we identified M. tuberculosis complex in 31.0%, 29.7%, and 27.1% of the samples, respectively. In comparison with LJ culture, the AMTD test had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 87.5%, 89.4%, 75.7%, and 95.0%, respectively, for LJ culture, whereas, in comparison with the BACTEC MGIT 960 system, it showed values of 88.6%, 92.4%, 83.8%, and 94.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The AMTD test showed good sensitivity and specificity in the population studied, enabling the laboratory detection of M. tuberculosis complex in paucibacillary respiratory specimens.

Use of amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test in respiratory samples from HIV-infected patients in Brazil / Utilização do amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test em amostras respiratórias de pacientes HIV positivos no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of the amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct (AMTD) test with reference methods for the laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: This was a study of diagnostic accuracy comparing AMTD test results with those obtained by culture on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium and by the BACTEC Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube 960 (BACTEC MGIT 960) system in respiratory samples analyzed at the Bioassay and Bacteriology Laboratory of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. RESULTS: We analyzed respiratory samples collected from 118 patients, of whom 88 (74.4%) were male. The mean age was 36.6 ± 10.6 years. Using the AMTD test, the BACTEC MGIT 960 system, and LJ culture, we identified M. tuberculosis complex in 31.0%, 29.7%, and 27.1% of the samples, respectively. In comparison with LJ culture, the AMTD test had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 87.5%, 89.4%, 75.7%, and 95.0%, respectively, for LJ culture, whereas, in comparison with the BACTEC MGIT 960 system, it showed values of 88.6%, 92.4%, 83.8%, and 94.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The AMTD test showed good sensitivity and specificity in the population studied, enabling the laboratory detection of M. tuberculosis complex in paucibacillary respiratory specimens. .

OBJETIVO: Comparar a acurácia do teste amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct (AMTD) com métodos de referência para o diagnóstico laboratorial de tuberculose em pacientes HIV positivos. MÉTODOS: Estudo de acurácia diagnóstica comparando os resultados do teste AMTD com os de cultura em Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) e de BACTEC Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube 960 (sistema BACTEC MGIT 960) em amostras respiratórias analisadas no Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Bioensaios do Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, no Rio de Janeiro (RJ). RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas amostras respiratórias de 118 pacientes, dos quais 88 (74,4%) eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi de 36,6 ± 10,6 anos. O complexo M. tuberculosis foi identificado em 31,0%, 29,7% e 27,1% das amostras através do teste AMTD, sistema BACTEC MGIT 960 e LJ, respectivamente. Na comparação com a cultura em LJ, o teste AMTD apresentou sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo de 87,5%, 89,4%, 75,7% e 95,0%, respectivamente, enquanto na comparação com o sistema BACTEC MGIT 960, os valores foram de 88,6%, 92,4%, 83,8% e 94,8%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: O teste AMTD mostrou boa sensibilidade e especificidade na população estudada, possibilitando a detecção laboratorial do complexo M. tuberculosis em espécimes respiratórios paucibacilares. .

Adverse reactions to cosmetic products and the Notification System in Health Surveillance: a survey / Reacoes adversas aos produtos cosmeticos e o Sistema de Notificacao em Vigilancia Sanitaria: um inquerito

INTRODUCTION: This paper is part of a study that investigates the quality of cosmetic products and evaluates the cosmetic surveillance system. OBJECTIVE: This study presents the results of a research that aimed to describe the point of view of the population in terms of the prevalence of Adverse Reactions (AR) and information about the surveillance system. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was applied to a random sample of 200 people from the administrative staff of the Municipal Guard of Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS: 38% of the participants declared AR to some cosmetic product used in the past two years. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is an unpublished study in Brazil, which presents results regarding the estimated prevalence of AR similarly to international studies. .

INTRODUÇÃO: Este trabalho integra um estudo que investiga a qualidade dos produtos cosméticos e avalia o sistema de cosmetovigilância. OBJETIVO: Ele apresenta os resultados de um inquérito cujo objetivo foi descrever o ponto de vista populacional em termos da prevalência de Reações Adversas (RA) e informações sobre o sistema de vigilância. MÉTODOS: Um questionário estruturado foi aplicado a uma amostra aleatória de 200 funcionários administrativos da Guarda Municipal do Rio de Janeiro. RESULTADOS: 38% dos participantes declararam RA a algum produto cosmético utilizado nos últimos dois anos. CONCLUSÃO: Pelo nosso conhecimento, este é um estudo inédito no Brasil que apresenta resultados em relação à prevalência de RA estimados de forma semelhante aos das pesquisas internacionais. .

Performance comparison between the mycobacteria growth indicator tube system and Löwenstein-Jensen medium in the routine detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at public health care facilities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: preliminary results of a pragmatic clinical trial.

In view of the fact that the World Health Organization has recommended the use of the mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) 960 system for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and that there is as yet no evidence regarding the clinical impact of its use in health care systems, we conducted a pragmatic clinical trial to evaluate the clinical performance and cost-effectiveness of the use of MGIT 960 at two health care facilities in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where the incidence of tuberculosis is high. Here, we summarize the methodology and preliminary results of the trial. (ISRCTN.org Identifier: ISRCTN79888843 [http://isrctn.org/]) In view of the fact that the World Health Organization has recommended the use of the mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) 960 system for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and that there is as yet no evidence regarding the clinical impact of its use in health care systems, we conducted a pragmatic clinical trial to evaluate the clinical performance and cost-effectiveness of the use of MGIT 960 at two health care facilities in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where the incidence of tuberculosis is high. Here, we summarize the methodology and preliminary results of the trial. (ISRCTN.org Identifier: ISRCTN79888843 [http://isrctn.org/]).

Performance comparison between the mycobacteria growth indicator tube system and Löwenstein-Jensen medium in the routine detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at public health care facilities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: preliminary results of a pragmatic clinical trial / Comparação do desempenho do sistema mycobacteria growth indicator tube e meio Löwenstein-Jensen na detecção de rotina de Mycobacterium tuberculosis em unidades do sistema único de saúde no Rio de Janeiro: resultados preliminares de um ensaio clínico pragmático

In view of the fact that the World Health Organization has recommended the use of the mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) 960 system for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and that there is as yet no evidence regarding the clinical impact of its use in health care systems, we conducted a pragmatic clinical trial to evaluate the clinical performance and cost-effectiveness of the use of MGIT 960 at two health care facilities in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where the incidence of tuberculosis is high. Here, we summarize the methodology and preliminary results of the trial. (ISRCTN.org Identifier: ISRCTN79888843 [http://isrctn.org/]).

Em razão da recomendação da Organização Mundial da Saúde sobre o uso do sistema mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) 960 para o diagnóstico de tuberculose e da falta de evidências sobre o impacto clínico de sua incorporação em sistemas de saúde, um ensaio clínico pragmático está sendo conduzido para avaliar o desempenho clínico e a relação custo-efetividade do MGIT 960 em duas unidades do Sistema Único de Saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que tem uma elevada incidência de tuberculose. Apresentamos aqui, de forma sintética, o método e resultados preliminares do ensaio. (ISRCTN.org Identifier: ISRCTN79888843 [http://isrctn.org/]).

Assessing new strategies for TB diagnosis in low- and middle-income countries

In this manuscript, we report the current situation of tuberculosis globally and in Brazil, the need for new strategies toward tuberculosis control, focusing on new diagnostic technologies. Critical comments are given on the state of the art regarding the evaluation of new health technologies, degree of scientific evidence needed, evaluation of clinical impact, cost-effectiveness of incorporation into the health system and the social impact.

Assessing new strategies for TB diagnosis in low- and middle-income countries.

In this manuscript, we report the current situation of tuberculosis globally and in Brazil, the need for new strategies toward tuberculosis control, focusing on new diagnostic technologies. Critical comments are given on the state of the art regarding the evaluation of new health technologies, degree of scientific evidence needed, evaluation of clinical impact, cost-effectiveness of incorporation into the health system and the social impact.

Adverse reactions to cosmetic products and the Notification System in Health Surveillance: a survey.

INTRODUCTION: This paper is part of a study that investigates the quality of cosmetic products and evaluates the cosmetic surveillance system. OBJECTIVE: This study presents the results of a research that aimed to describe the point of view of the population in terms of the prevalence of Adverse Reactions (AR) and information about the surveillance system. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was applied to a random sample of 200 people from the administrative staff of the Municipal Guard of Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS: 38% of the participants declared AR to some cosmetic product used in the past two years. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is an unpublished study in Brazil, which presents results regarding the estimated prevalence of AR similarly to international studies.

Avaliação dos aspectos do controle da qualidade de produtos cosméticos comercializados no Brasil analisados pelo Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde / Analysis on the quality control aspects of cosmetic products commercialized in Brazil performed by the National Institute of Quality Control in Health

Os produtos cosméticos são definidos como preparações constituídas por substâncias naturais ou sintéticas, de uso externo nas diversas partes do corpo humano, que têm o objetivo principal de limpar, perfumar, alterar e/ou corrigir odores corporais e manter o corpo em bom estado. Por ter essas funções, esses produtos são utilizados diariamente por milhões de pessoas – e, por isso, é fundamental efetuar a vigilância da qualidade desses produtos. Neste trabalho, foi examinada a documentação de 133 produtos cosméticos que foram recebidos e analisados no Instituto Nacional de Controle da Qualidade (INCQS) no período de 2005 a 2009. Desvios referentes aos parâmetros físico-químico, microbiológico e toxicológico foram encontrados. O dado mais surpreendente foi referente à rotulagem desses produtos, visto que 94% dos produtos avaliados apresentaram o rótulo em desacordo com a legislação brasileira vigente.

Evaluation of the clinical utility of new diagnostic tests for tuberculosis: the role of pragmatic clinical trials.

Tuberculosis is one of the major infectious diseases in developing countries, and the length of time for which the chain of transmission is maintained has been implicated as a major factor in the perpetuation of the disease. In this context, regulatory agencies in such countries have approved new diagnostic tools, which have been almost immediately incorporated into the national tuberculosis control programs. Health interventions have been increasingly investigated in clinical trials, including explanatory trials (in order to evaluate the beneficial effects of such interventions) and pragmatic trials (in order to aid in the decision-making process). We argue that the evaluation of new diagnostic techniques for the detection of tuberculosis should not escape this same logic of evaluation.

Avaliação da utilidade clínica de novos testes diagnósticos em tuberculose: o papel dos ensaios clínicos pragmáticos / Evaluation of the clinical utility of new diagnostic tests for tuberculosis: the role of pragmatic clinical trials

A tuberculose é uma das principais doenças infecciosas em países em desenvolvimento, e o tempo durante o qual a cadeia de transmissibilidade é mantida tem sido apontado como um dos principais fatores de perpetuação da doença. Nesse contexto, novas ferramentas para o diagnóstico têm sido aprovadas pelas agências regulamentadoras nesses países, e sua incorporação é quase imediatamente implementada pelos programas governamentais de controle da tuberculose. As intervenções na área da saúde têm sido cada vez mais investigadas em ensaios clínicos explanatórios (que avaliam seus efeitos benéficos) e em ensaios clínicos pragmáticos (que auxiliam na tomada de decisão). Nós argumentamos que a avaliação de novas técnicas diagnósticas para a detecção da tuberculose não deveria escapar dessa mesma lógica de escrutínio.

Tuberculosis is one of the major infectious diseases in developing countries, and the length of time for which the chain of transmission is maintained has been implicated as a major factor in the perpetuation of the disease. In this context, regulatory agencies in such countries have approved new diagnostic tools, which have been almost immediately incorporated into the national tuberculosis control programs. Health interventions have been increasingly investigated in clinical trials, including explanatory trials (in order to evaluate the beneficial effects of such interventions) and pragmatic trials (in order to aid in the decision-making process). We argue that the evaluation of new diagnostic techniques for the detection of tuberculosis should not escape this same logic of evaluation.

The study of vancomycin use and its adverse reactions associated to patients of a Brazilian university hospital.

BACKGROUND: Vancomycin is an antibiotic of growing importance in the treatment of hospital infections, with particular emphasis on its value in the fight against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However its usage profile must be evaluated to assure maximum benefit and minimum risk. FINDINGS: A cross-sectional retrospective study was carried out among inpatients that received vancomycin in a Brazilian quaternary hospital. The occurrence of adverse reactions reported was evaluated in medical records relating to patients taking vancomycin during a one year period. Males comprised 52% (95% CI: 41.7-60.2%) of the sample population, with a mean age of 50.6 (95% CI: 47.2-54.0) years and mean treatment period of 9.7 (95% CI: 8.0-11.5) Days. It was verified that nephrotoxicity occurred in 18.4% (95% CI: 11.3-27.5) of patients, Red man syndrome occurred in 2% (95% CI 0.2-7.2), while the occurrence of thrombocytopenia was 7.1% (95% CI: 2.9-14.2). CONCLUSIONS: It may be noted that even after 50 years of use, adverse reactions associated with vancomycin continue with high frequency, presenting a public health problem, especially considering its current use in cases of multidrug resistant infections. In this context, we emphasize the importance of intensive pharmacovigilance in hospital as a surveillance tool after drug approval by the sanitary authority.

TREC-SAVE: a randomised trial comparing mechanical restraints with use of seclusion for aggressive or violent seriously mentally ill people: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Thousands of people whose aggression is thought due to serious mental illness are secluded or restrained every day. Without fair testing these techniques will continue to be used outside of a rigorous evidence base. With such coercive treatment this leaves all concerned vulnerable to abuse and criticism. This paper presents the protocol for a randomised trial comparing seclusion with restraints for people with serious mental illnesses. METHODS/DESIGN: Setting-General psychiatric wards of a large psychiatric hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Participants-Anyone aggressive or violent suspected or known to have serious mental illness for whom restriction is felt to be indicated by nursing and medical staff, but also for whom they are unsure whether seclusion or restraint would be indicated. Interventions-The standard care of either strong cotton banding to edge of bed with medications as indicated and close observation or the other standard care of use of a minimally furnished seclusion room but with open but barred windows onto the nursing station. Outcomes-time to restrictions lifted, early change of treatment, additional episodes, adverse effects/events, satisfaction with care during episode. Duration-2 weeks. Identifier: ISRCTN 49454276 http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN49454276.

The 2nd Schizophrenia International Research Society Conference, 10-14 April 2010, Florence, Italy: summaries of oral sessions.

The 2nd Schizophrenia International Research Society Conference, was held in Florence, Italy, April 10-15, 2010. Student travel awardees served as rapporteurs of each oral session and focused their summaries on the most significant findings that emerged from each session and the discussions that followed. The following report is a composite of these reviews. It is hoped that it will provide an overview for those who were present, but could not participate in all sessions, and those who did not have the opportunity to attend, but who would be interested in an update on current investigations ongoing in the field of schizophrenia research.

Região Centro-Oeste se destaca na apreensão de medicamentos injetáveis encaminhados ao INCQS/FIOCRUZ / Efficiency of public health enforcement actions in the Brazilian Middle-West region

INTRODUÇÃO: Um estudo conduzido no INCQS com medicamentos injetáveis encaminhados para análise fiscal identificou um percentual de perdas (análise não realizada) considerado excessivo. Uma tentativa então foi feita para identificar fatores associados a estas perdas. MÉTODOS: A existência de irregularidades na apreensão do medicamento (variável dependente) foi investigada com relação à região de origem, motivo da apreensão e classificação ATC do medicamento (variáveis independentes). RESULTADOS: A região Norte contribuiu com apenas 2,2 por cento do total de medicamentos encaminhados, 50 por cento dos quais não puderam ser analisados. Apenas 1,4 por cento dos medicamentos encaminhados pela região Centro-Oeste apresentaram irregularidades na apreensão. CONCLUSÃO: A eficiência da implementação de um programa de qualidade na Vigilância Sanitária do estado de Goiás foi detectada na etapa analítica, permitindo ao laboratório completar o ciclo de fiscalização.

Inquérito sobre o uso de contenção física em um hospital psiquiátrico de grande porte no Rio de Janeiro / Survey on the use of restraints in a large psychiatric hospital in Rio de Janeiro city

OBJETIVO: Investigar o uso da contenção física em hospital psiquiátrico no Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS: Um inquérito foi conduzido em agosto de 2009. As informações - sexo, idade, diagnóstico, ocorrência e duração de contenção física - foram coletadas no prontuário. RESULTADO: A amostra consistiu em 66 pacientes, dos quais 59 por cento eram mulheres, com idade média de 44 anos. Durante o período estudado, 24 por cento dos pacientes foram contidos no leito pelo menos uma vez, mas não é prática corrente o registro detalhado do procedimento. Não ocorreram eventos adversos importantes. Não houve associação entre o uso de contenção e variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. CONCLUSÕES: A prática de contenção física parece consistente nas emergências psiquiátricas do Rio de Janeiro: esse mesmo percentual foi observado em estudos conduzidos em três hospitais em outros momentos, 2001 e 2004, e situa-se em uma faixa intermediária em relação aos resultados observados em outros países. Não existem estudos randomizados para se fazer uma avaliação objetiva dos benefícios e riscos dessa prática, mas a segurança e a eficácia dessa intervenção deveriam ser objeto do mesmo escrutínio científico normalmente destinado aos outros tratamentos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of restraints in a large psychiatric hospital in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil. METHODS:A survey was carried on in August 2009. Data on sex, age, diagnostic, use and duration of restraints were collected from patients' notes. RESULT: Sample consisted on 66 patients, 59 percent women, with mean age of 44 years. During the study 24 percent of the patients were restrained at least once, but registering details of the procedure was not usual. There were no important adverse events. No associations were observed between restraints and sociodemographic and clinic variables. CONCLUSIONS: The use of restraints is a consistent practice in Rio de Janeiro's psychiatric hospitals: the same proportion was observed in three hospitals in distinct periods, 2001 and 2004, and this finding is in an intermediate position in relation to other studies results. There are no randomized trials to properly evaluate the benefits and risks of this practice, but the efficacy and safety of this intervention should be subject to the same scientific scrutiny as other treatments.